Chandra-Furst-Lipton

3 Lower bound on the communication complexity of \(\operatorname{eval}\)

Definition 3.1 \(\operatorname{eval}\) function
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The \(\operatorname{eval}\) function is defined by

\begin{align} \operatorname{eval}: G^d & \to \operatorname{Bool}\\ x & \mapsto \begin{cases} 1 & \text{ if } \sum _i x_i = 0 \\ 0 & \text{ else} \end{cases}\end{align}
Lemma 3.2 Forbidden patterns project to multidimensional corners

If \((a_1, \dots , a_d)\) is a forbidden pattern such that \(\operatorname{eval}(a_i) = 1\) for all \(i\), then

\[ (\operatorname{forget}_i(a_1), \dots , \operatorname{forget}_i(a_d)) \]

is a multidimensional corner for all index \(i\).

Proof

Let \(v\) be the tip of \((a_1, \dots , a_d)\). Then, using that \(\sum _k a_{j, k} = 0\) and \(v_k = a_{j, k}\) for all \(k \ne j\), we see that \(v_j = a_{j, j} + \sum _k v_k\). This means that \((\operatorname{forget}_i(a_1), \dots , \operatorname{forget}_i(a_d)\) is a multidimensional corner by setting \(x = \operatorname{forget}_i(a_i)\) and \(c = \sum _k v_k\).

Lemma 3.3 Monochromatic forbidden patterns are trivial

Given \(P\) a NOF protocol valid in time \(t\) for \(\operatorname{eval}\), all monochromatic forbidden patterns are trivial.

Proof

Assume \((a_1, \dots , a_d)\) is a monochromatic forbidden pattern with tip \(v\), say \(\operatorname{broad}(a_i, t) = b\) for all \(i\). By Lemma 2.10, we also have \(\operatorname{broad}(v, t) = b\). Since \(P\) is a valid NOF protocol for \(\operatorname{eval}\), we get \(\operatorname{eval}(a_i) = \operatorname{eval}(v)\) for all \(i\), meaning that \((a_1, \dots , a_d) = (v, \dots , v)\) is trivial.

Theorem 3.4 Lower bound for \(D(\operatorname{eval})\) in terms of \(\chi _d(G)\)
\[ D(\operatorname{eval}) \ge \lceil \log _2\chi _d(G)\rceil \]
Proof

Let \(P\) be a protocol valid in time \(t\) for \(\operatorname{eval}\). By Lemma 3.3, \(\operatorname{broad}(\cdot , t)\) is a coloring of \(\{ x \mid \sum _i x_i = 0\} \) in at most \(2^t\) colors (since \(t\) bits were broadcasted) such that all monochromatic forbidden patterns are trivial. By Lemma 3.2, this yields a coloring of \(G^{d - 1}\) in at most \(2^t\) colors such all monochromatic corners are trivial. Hence \(2^t \ge \chi _d(G)\), as wanted.

Corollary 3.5 Lower bound for \(D(\operatorname{eval})\) in terms of \(r_d(G)\)
\[ D(\operatorname{eval}) \ge d\log _2\frac N{r_d(G)} \]
Proof

Putting Theorem 3.4 and Lemma 1.6 together, we get

\[ D(\operatorname{eval}) \ge \left\lceil \log _2\frac{2dN^d\log N}{r_d(G)}\right\rceil \ge d\log _2\frac N{r_d(G)} \]